THE LEGEND OF TOBA LAKE

Once upon a time there was a prosperous village in a far away island called Sumatra. In northern part of the island, lived a farmer whose name was Toba. He lived alone in a hut by a small forest. He worked on his farmland to grow rice and vegetables that he sells to local market. Once day he wanted to catch some fish so he went to a river and fished there. He was very surprised when he got a big fish. The fish was as big as human being. Soon he went home and put the fish in his kitchen. He planned to cook the fish for his dinner that night. When he got to his house that afternoon he took a bath. Then as he walked into his bedroom after taking a bath Toba was very shocked. Do you want to know what happened?
There stood in his living room a very beautiful girl. The girl greeted him nicely. For a moment Toba was speechless. When he could control his emotion he asked her.
‘Who are you? What’s your name? Why suddenly you are here in my house?’
‘Pardon me if I surprised you Mr. Toba, but you took me here. I was the fish that you caught in the river. Now that I become a human being again, I would like to thank you and I will be your servant to express my thankfulness’
‘Were you the fish?’
‘Yes, I was the fish. Look at your kitchen’.
Toba immediately rushed to his kitchen and the fish was nowhere to be seen. He saw some gold coins instead.
‘Whose coins are these? Why there are some coins here?’
‘Those coins are mine. As I changed into human being my scales changed into gold coins’
‘Ok you can live here and work for me. Your room is over there’
‘Thank you very much Mr. Toba’
Since that day the beautiful girl lived in Toba’s house. Since she was very beautiful Toba fell in love with her and not long after that they got married. The girl married to Toba on one condition that he would never tell anybody about her past. Toba agreed to the condition. Several months later Toba’s wife delivered to a baby boy. Their son was healthy. Soon he grew up into a handsome boy. Toba named him Samosir. Unfortunately Samosir was a lazy boy. He did not want to work at all. When his father worked hard in his rice field and farm, Samosir just slept. When he was awake he talked a lot and he ate a lot. Toba was very disappointed with his son’s nature. He hoped that one day Samosir would change into a diligent boy. Day in and day out but Samosir never changed.
Toba used to go to his farm and rice field early in the morning. Then at midday his wife would bring him food. They used to eat lunch at their farm. As he was a teenager Toba and his wife tried to change his behavior. They ordered Samosir to bring food for his father for lunch while her mother stayed at home to do household chores. But Samosir never did his duty well. He always woke up very late. He woke up after midday. Then one day his mother forced him to bring the food.
‘Sam, wake up. Go to the farm and bring the food for your father. He must be very tired and hungry now’.
But Mom, I am tired and hungry too’
‘What makes you tired? You just wake up. Go now. You father needs the food’
Toba reluctantly went to the farm. But he did not go to the farm immediately. He stopped somewhere in the street and ate the food. It was already late afternoon when he got to the farm. His father was disappointed. Then he was angry as he realized that his son had eaten his food. He said sarcastically.
‘O, you are stupid lazy boy. You are son of a fish!’
Samosir was hurt. He went home right away and as he got home he told his mother about his father’s words. Samosir’s mother was shocked. She was also deeply hurt.
‘O Toba. You break your promise so I cannot live with you here anymore. Now you have to accept to consequence of what you did. Samosir, now go to the hill, find the tallest tree and climb it’
‘Why mom? What will happen?’
‘Just do it, never ask any question. Good bye’
As soon as she finished saying that suddenly the weather changed. Sunny day suddenly turned into cloudy day. Not long after that the rain poured heavily. The rain last for several days. Consequently the area was flooded. The whole area became a big lake. Then it was called Lake Toba and in the middle of the lake there is an island called Samosir Island. Meanwhile Toba’s wife disappeared.
Legenda Danau Toba Dalam bahasa inggris tersebut mengisahkan mitos yang mungkin pada jaman sekarang sudah tidak ada lagi. Namun kita bisa memetik hikmah dari legenda Danau Toba Dalam bahasa inggris tersebut. Hikmah yang dapat kita ambil ialah berhati-hati lah dengan apa yang kita ucapkan. Jangan sampai menyakiti perasaan orang lain. Karena lidah bisa lebih tajam dari pisau, sepatah dua patah kata dapat meninggalkan luka yang membekas di hati lawan  bicara kita. Yang kedua ialah jangan mengingkari janji yang telah dibuat. Legenda Danau Toba Dalam bahasa inggris ini memang penuh makna dan hikmah.

Once upon a time there was a widow who lived in the village of Dadapan.  She had a son whose name was Jaka Tarub.  Dadapan village was close to a wood so Jaka Tarub liked to go to the wood.  He liked hunting for animals with his blowpipe.
One day when he was in the wood he saw a beautiful rainbow and he saw seven angels went down through it.  He came closer and searched for them.  The seven angels were swimming and taking a bath in a lake.  Jaka Tarub looked at them while hiding behind trees.  When they had finished taking a bath, they flew through the rainbow to heaven.
The next day he saw the same thing again.  This time Jaka Tarub had an idea.  He searched for their dress and when he found them he took one of them.  As they had finished swimming and taking a bath, they looked for their dress.  One of them could not find her dress.  Her friends had to come back to heaven so they left her.  She was crying while staying in the water.  Jaka Tarub approached her.
‘Why are you crying lady?’
‘I lose my dress so I cannot go home’
‘Where is your home?’
‘I live in heaven.  I’m an angel.  My name is Nawang Wulan.  But I lose my dress so I cannot fly anymore’
‘I you don’t mind I will take my mother’s dress for you’
‘OK, please do’
‘Wait for me here, I’ll be back’
Then Jaka Tarub went home to take her mother’s dress and gave it to Nawang Wulan.  He asked her to stay at her house with his mother.  Not long after that Jaka Tarub married Nawang Wulan.
As an angel Nawang Wulan had spiritual power.  She had ability which far above human being.  She could cook rice with just a bar of rice and when it had done the bowl will be full of rice.  But there was one condition.  The bowl must not be opened before it has done.  Jaka Tarub was very surprised with her wife’s ability. He was very curious about it.  So when Nawang Wulan was away he opened the bowl.  Consequently Nawang’s spiritual power disappeared.  She had to cook as ordinary human being.
Several months later Nawang Wulan gave birth to a beautiful baby girl.  Her name was Nawang Sih.  The birth of Nawang Sih added happiness to Jaka Tarub and Nawang Wulan.
Since Nawang Wulan could not cook efficiently anymore, she needed more rice than usual.  The stock of rice in their store room diminished rapidly.  Then one day when she took rice there she was very surprised.  Nawang Wulan found her angel dress.  It was hidden there under piles of rice.  She immediately wore it and talked to Jaka Tarub.
‘My dear husband, now I know what you did to me’
‘Forgive me, my dear.  I admit that I did this because I love you’
‘I love you too.  But now I find my dress.  I must come back to heaven.  I am an angel.  My place is not here.  I have to go now’.
‘How about Nawang Sih?  She needs you’‘I will leave her but don’t worry.  I will take care of her.  Anytime she needs me I will be here.  For that purpose please build a tower. When Nawang Sih cries put her there then call my name. I will come immediately.  But I will be invisible to you.  Good bye dear’
Then Jaka Tarub built a tower behind his house.  Every time Nawang Sih cried he would put her there.  Nawang Wulan would come and take care of Nawang Sih.
Legenda atau cerita jaka tarub dalam bahasa inggris di atas menceritakan tentang ulah Jaka Tarub yang ingin memiliki istri secantik bidadari dengan cara mencuri selendang salah satu bidadari tersebut, sehingga ia tidak bisa pulang ke kahyangan. Akan tetapi, pada akhirnya sang bidadari yang telah menikah dengan Jaka Tarub tersebut menemukan selendangnya dan memutuskan untuk kembali. Jaka Tarub pun sangat sedih karena ditinggalkan oleh istrinya, namun ia akan tetap kembali hanya untuk merawat anak mereka. Pesan moral dari kisah atau cerita jaka tarub dan 7 bidadari dalam bahasa inggris ini adalah jika kita mengingingkan sesuatu sebaiknya dengan cara yang baik dan halal. Kita tidak boleh mengambil hak atau harta miliki orang lain karena suatu saat kita akan memdapat hukuman.

THE LEGEND OF TANGKUBAN PERAHU
Once upon a time in west Java, Indonesia lived a wise king who had a beautiful daughter.   Her name was Dayang Sumbi.  She liked weaving very much.  Once she was weaving a cloth when one of her tool fell to the ground.  She was very tired at the time so she was too lazy to take it.  Then she just shouted outloud.
‘Anybody there?  Bring me my tool.  I will give you special present.  If you are female,  I will consider you as my sister.  If you are male, I will marry you
Suddenly a male dog, its name was Tumang, came.  He brought her the falling tool.  Dayang Sumbi was very surprised.  She regretted her words but she could not deny it.  So she had to marry Tumang and leave her father.  Then they lived in a small village.  Several months later they had a son.  His name was Sangkuriang.  He was a handsome and healthy boy.
Sangkuriang liked hunting very much.  He often went hunting to the wood using his arrow.  When he went hunting Tumang always with him.  In the past there were many deer in Java so Sangkuriang often hunted for deer.
One day  Dayang Sumbi wanted to have deer’s heart so she asked Sangkuriang to hunt for a deer.   Then Sangkuriang went to the wood with his arrow and his faithful dog Tumang.  But after several days in the wood Sangkuriang could not find any deer.  They were all disappeared.  Sangkuriang was exhausted and desperate.  He did not want to disappoint her mother so he killed Tumang.  He did not know that Tumang was his father.  At home he gave Tumang’s heart to her mother.
But Dayang Sumbi knew that it was Tumang’s heart.  She was so angry that she could not control her emotion.  She hit Sangkuriang at his head.  Sangkuriang was wounded.  There was  a scar in his head.    She also repelled her son.   Sangkuriang left her mother in sadness.
Many years passed and Sangkuriang became a strong young man.  He wandered  everywhere.     One day he arrived at his own village but he did not realized it.  There he met Dayang Sumbi.  At the time Dayang Sumbi was given an eternal beauty by God so she stayed young forever.  Both of them did not know each other.  So they fell in love and then they decided to marry.
But then Dayang Sumbi recognized a scar on his Sangkuriang’s head.  She knew that Sangkuriang was his son.  It was impossible for them to marry.  She told him but he did not believe her.  He wished that they marry soon.  So Dayang Sumbi gave a very difficult condition.  She wanted Sangkuriang to build a lake and a boat in one night!  She said she needed that for honeymoon.
Sangkuriang agreed.  With the help of genie and spirits Sangkuriang tried to build them.  By midnight he had finished  the lake by building a dam in Citarum river.  Then he started building the boat.  It was almost dawn when he nearly finished it.  Meanwhile Dayang Sumbi kept watching on them.  She was very worried when she knew this.  So she made lights in the east.  Then the spirits thought that it was already dawn.  It was time for them to leave.  They left Sangkuriang alone.  Without their help he could not finish the boat.
Sangkuriang was very angry.  He kicked the boat.  Then the boat turned out to be Mount Tangkuban Perahu.  It means boat upside down.  From a distant it looks like a boat upside down.
Hikmah yang dapat dipetik dari cerita legenda legenda Tangkuban Perahu dalam bahasa inggris ialah jangan pernah merusak kepercayaan yang diberikan, apalagi dengan cara membunuh kawan setia yang terus menemani untuk dikorbankan demi kepentingan pribadi. Sangkuriang merupakan contoh yang tidak patut ditiru, sifatnya yang tega, mendapatkan balasan murka ibunya. Pesan yang dpat disampaikan dari legenda Tangkuban Perahu dalam bahasa inggris ini ialah senangkan lah orang tua anda dengan cara yang baik dan tidak bertentangan dengan nilai dan norma yang berlaku.

Long time ago, living a couple of farmers. They live in a village near the forest. They live happy, unfortunately they have not only was a child also.
Every day they pray to the God. They pray to be soon be a child. One day a giant passes where they reside. Giant prayer is heard that wife’s husband. Giant then provide them with seeds cucumber.
“Plant seeds of this, Later you will soon get a female child,” said the giant.
“Thank you, giant,” said the couple.
“But there is condition, at the age of 17 years the child must be submitted with you to me,” the giant reply.
Without thinking long they agree, because it wanted a child.
Husband and wife farmers to plant the seeds cucumber. Every day they start caring for the plants that grow with it as best as possible. Many months and then bear a cucumber with golden color.
Fruit cucumber that the longer become larger and heavier. When the fruit is ripe, they take it, carefully slit the fruit. Sudenlly, in the fruit is found in infants of women who are very beautiful. Couple was very happy, they gave the name of the baby Timun Mas.
Year after year passed, Timun Mas grown into a beautiful girl. Both parents are very proud of her. But they became very afraid, because in the anniversary Timun Mas at 17, the giant will back. The giant take back that promises to take Timun Mas.
Farmers are trying to calm. “Wait a moment. Timun Mas playing. My wife would called her,” he said. Farmers find it immediately to her doughter. “My girl, take this,” she said while giving a cloth bag. “This will help fight the giant. Now flee as soon as possible,” she said. So even Timun Mas immediately fled.
Couple on the sad departure Timun Mas. But they are not willing if their child become food giant. Giant waiting long time. He was not a patient. He knew, was that lied by couple of farmers. And he also destroyed the huts of the farmers. Then it was to pursue Timun Mas to forest.
Giant run chase immediately Timun Mas. Near the gian,Timun Mas immediately take the handful of salt from the cloth pouch. Then salt spread it to the giant. Suddenly a wide sea also unfold. Giant forced to swim with great difficulty.
Timun Mas ran again. But then most successful giant come closer. Timun Mas again taking bizarre objects from a cloth bag. He took the handful chili. Chili throwed to the giant. At once the tree branches and sharp thorns of the giant trap. Giant cried in pain. Timun Mas while running to save herself.
But the giant is really strong. He was again nearly captured Timun Mas. So Timun Mas is also a third issue of miraculous. She sow seeds Cucumber magic. At once grow the cucumber garden very knowledgeable. Giant very tired and hungry. He also eat the fresh cucumber with oneself. Because of too much eating, giant was slept.
Timun Mas again fled. She ran for dear life. But long run power out. More unlucky again because a giant awakened from sleep. Giant again almost catch her. Timun Mas very terrified. He also threw the last tool handful shrimp paste. Again, miracles happen. A lake of mud spread wide. Giant fall into it. Hands almost reach Timun Mas. But the lake mud is basic to withdraw it. Giant panic, he can not breathe, then submerged.
Timun Mas relieved. She has survived, Timun Mas is also return to home to their parents. Father and mother’s Timun Mas happy to see Timun Mas be save. They held, “Thank you, God. You have to save my girl,” said their delighted.
Since that time Timun Mas can live quietly with her parents. They can be happy without living in fear again.

Dongeng Timun Mas bahasa inggris mengisahkan tentang kasih sayang yang tulus antara orang tua dan anak tanpa memperdulikan latar belakang anak yang bernama Timun Mas tersebut. Timun Mas adalah anak yang sangat berbakti walaupun menurut legenda timun mas dalam bahasa inggris dia merupakan pemberian dari raksasa dan akan diambil kembali oleh raksasa tersebut pada usia 17 tahun. cerita timun mas dalam bahasa inggris ini banyak mengandung pesan moral yaitu kita tidak boleh mengancam dan berlaku jahat kepada orang lain karena kita akan memperoleh hukuman setimpal. Raksasa yang sangat jahat mendapat hukuman dengan tenggelam di danau lumpur akibat ingin membunuh Timun Mas. Oleh karena itu, hikmah dari dongeng rakyat timun mas dalam bahasa inggris kita tidak boleh memiliki niat jahat kepada orang lain.

GARLIC & ONION

 Long time ago in a village lived a family consisting of father, mother and a beautiful teenage girl named Bawang Putih (garlic). They are a happy family. Although the father Bawang Putih (garlic) traders only normal, but they are harmonious and peaceful living. But one day the mother Bawang Putih (garlic) sick and eventually died. Bawang Putih (Garlic) very similarly in his father’s sorrow.
Live in the village is also a widow who has a child named Bawang Merah (Onion). Since the mother’s Bawang putih died, Bawang Merah mother often went to the Bawang Putih house. He often brings food, Bawang Merah help tidy the house or just keep Bawang Putih and shoot the father. Finally Bawang Putih father thinking that it may be best if he just married mother Bawang Merah, Bawang Putih not so lonely anymore. Then Bawang Putih’s father and Bawang Merah’s mother married. Originally Bawang Merah mother’s and Bawang Merah is very good to Bawang putih. However, the nature of long run they began to look authentic. They often bristle Bawang Putih and gave her a job if the father of Bawang Putih are going to trade. Bawang Putih must do all homework, while Bawang Merah’s mother and Bawang Merah just sit only. Of course Bawang white father did not know about it, because Bawang Putih never tell to her father.
One day Bawang Putih’s father fell ill and then died. Since that time Bawang Merah’s mother and Bawang merah more powerful and haphazardly against to Bawang putih. Bawang Putih almost never rest. She should wake up before dawn, to prepare the water bath and breakfast for Bawang Merah and her mother. Then he had to feed the livestock, watering thegarden and wash clothes to the river. But he still must iron the clothes, tidy house, and many other jobs. But Bawang Putih always happy to do the work, because she hopes one day the stepmother will love such as her child own.
This morning as usual Bawang Putih bring basket containing the clothes in the river will wash. She sang with the small paths in the forest edge of a small regular she walk. Today the weather was very bright. Bawang Putih immediately wash all the dirty clothes brought. She fell very happy, Bawang putih not realize that one of the clothes have been brought out flow. Unfortunately the shirt is a lovely shirt her stepmother.
When the think that, clothes’s stepmother was too far away. Bawang Putih, try the river to search for it, but did not succeed to find it. With the despair he returned to the house and told to his mother.
“filthy!” Rave stepmother. “I did not want to know, the main thing you need to find the clothes! And do not dare go home if you have not found it. Understand? ”
Bawang Putih forced to obey the wishes her stepmother. She immediately wen to place the river washed earlier. The sun has begun to escalate, but Bawang Putih not find clothes for her mother. He installed her eyes, thoroughly looking for each radix stick to the root of the river, the mother who knows clothes get caught in there. After a long stride and the sun is slanting to the west, Bawang Putih saw a rancher who is bath him buffalo. Bawang putih then ask: “O good uncle, do you see the red shirt who wander through here? Because I have to find and bring it home. ” “Yes I see the bud earlier. If you pursue quick, you may be able to pursue, “said the uncle. “Ok uncle, thank you!” Said Bawang Putih and immediately ran back the river bank.
Day has begun dark, Bawang Putih have started despair. The night will soon arrive, and Bawang putih. From a distance appear to light the lamp that came from a hut in the river bank. Bawang putih immediately came to the house and knock the door.
“Excuse me …!” Said Bawang putih. An old woman opened the door. “Who are you kid?” ask the grandmother.
“I’am Bawang putih grandmother. Earlier I’am looking for a dress my mother that away in the river. And now benighted. Can I stay here tonight? “ask Bawang putih.
“Can. Are you looking for a shirt red? “Ask grandmother.
“Yes granmother. What is … u find it? “ask Bawang putih.
“Yes. Earlier clothes that get caught in front of the house. Unfortunately, when I like that dress,”said the grandmother. “Okay I will return it, but you must first stay here for a week. I do not have long conversation with anyone, how? “Fate grandmother.
Bawang Putih think a moment. It seems lonely grandmother. Bawang Putih also felt compassion.
“Nek Okay, I will accompany a grandmother for a week, the grandmother is not bored with it,” said Bawang Putih smile.
Bawang Putih for a week to stay with the grandmother. Bawang Putih every day to help grandmother’s the work house. Of course, the grandmother feel happy. Until eventually even have a week, a grandmother also called Bawang Putih.”Nak, you have a week to stay here. And I am happy because you’re a studious child and kind. Therefore, it is appropriate my promise you can bring home your mother shirt. And one more, you can choose one of two pumpkin as a gift!” Said the grandmother.
Initially Bawang white refused grandmother give the gifts but grandmother force her. Bawang putih finally choose the most small pumpkin. “I’m afraid, canot to bring a big one,” she said. Grandmother was smiling and deliver Bawang Putih untill to the front house.
Reachhe at home, Bawang Putih give a red shirt to her stepmother owned while she went to the kitchen to chop the yellow pumpkin. Would surprise Bawang Putih when pumpkin split it, there appeared to contain a gold jewel is very large. She shout so happy and told the wonderful things to her stepmother and Bawang Merah with a greedy suddenly seize the gold and the jewel. They force Bawang Putih to recount how she can get these gifts. Bawang putih told with honest.
Hear the story of Bawang Putih, Bawang Merah and her mother plan to do the same thing but this time Bawang Merah will do it. In short word, Bawang Merah reache in the house grandmother in the river. Such as Bawang Putih, Bawang Merah also be required to accompany for a week. Not like Bawang putih that diligent, for a week of Bawang Merah only sit Lazy.
Even if there is then the result is never good because it always works with the origin-derived. Finally after a week that grandmother allows Bawang Merah to go. “The grandmother should be given the pumpkin as gifts because i had accompany for a week?” Ask Bawang Merah. Grandmother had told Bawang Merah select one of two of the pumpkin offered. Quickly Bawang Merah take a large pumpkin and without thanked to her swing away.
Reach in the house Bawang Merah immediately to meet her mother and happyly show the pumpkin that brought. For fear of Bawang Putih will ask for it, they told Bawang Putih to go to the river. Then they can not wait to rip the pumpkin. But was not gold jewel that is out of the pumpkin, but animals such as venomous snakes, scorpions, and others.

Dongeng bahasa inggris Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih bercerita tentang perlakuan bawang merah dan ibunya yang sangat jahat kepada bawang putih yang baik hati. Bawang putih selalu mendapat siksaan atas sesuatu yang bukan kesalahannya, sehingga bawang merah dan ibunya mendapat hukuman yang setimpal. Pesan moral yang terkandung dalam legenda atau cerita bawang merah bawang putih dalam bahasa inggris ini adalah kita tidak boleh menuruti rasa keserakahan yang berlebihan dalam diri kita hingga menyakiti orang lain, karena suatu saat keadilan akan terjadi dan yang jahat pun akan memperoleh balasan yang sangat buruk akibat semua perbuatan buruknya.

1. • Minyak bumi dan gas alam diduga berasal dari jasad renik lautan, tumbuhan dan hewan yang mati sekitar 150 juta tahun yang lalu. Dugaan tersebut didasarkan pada kesamaan unsur-unsur yang terdapat dalam bahan tersebut dengan unsur-unsur yang terdapat pada makhluk hidup. Sisa-sisa organisme itu mengendap di dasar laut, kemudian ditutupi oleh lumpur yang lambat laun mengeras karena tekanan lapisan diatasnya sehingga berubah menjadi batuan. Sementara itu bakteri anaerob menguraikan sisa-sisa organisme itu sehingga menjadi minyak bumi dan gas yang terperangkap di antara lapisan-lapisan kulit bumi. Proses pembentukan minyak bumi dan gas ini membutuhkan waktu yang sangat lama. Bahkan sepanjang umur kita pun belum cukup untuk membuat minyak bumi dan gas. Jadi kita harus melakukan penghematan dan berusaha mencari sumber energi alternatif.
   
   
   Komposisi minyak bumi
   
   Minyak bumi hasil pengeboran masih berupa minyak mentah (crude oil) yang kental dan hitam. Crude oil ini terdiri dari campuran hidrokarbon yaitu
   Alkana
   Senyawa alkana yang paling banyak ditemukan adalah n-oktana dan isooktana (2,2,4-trimetil pentana)
   Hidrokarbon aromatisDiantaranya adalah etil benzene
   Sikloalkana Antara lain siklopentana dan etil sikloheksana
   Belerang (0,01-0,7%)
   Nitrogen (0,01-0,9%)
   Oksigen (0,06-0,4%)
   Karbon dioksida [CO2]
   Hidrogen sulfida [H2S]
   
   
   Pengolahan minyak bumi
   
   Minyak bumi biasanya beradai 3-4 Km di bawah permukaan. Untuk mengambil minyak bumi tersebut kita harus membuat sumur bor yang telah di sesuaikan kedalamannya. Minyak mentah yang diperoleh ditampung dalam kapal tangker atau dialirkan ke kilang minyak dengan menggunakan pipa. Minyak mentah yang tadi diperoleh belum bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai bahan bakar maupun keperluan lainnya. Minyak mentah tersebut haruslah diolah terlebih dahulu. Minyak mentah mengandung sekitar 500 jenis hidrokarbon dengan jumlah atom C-1 hingga C-50. Pengolahan minyak bumi dilakukan melalui distilasi bertingkat, dimana minyak mentah dipisahkan ke dalam kelompok-kelompok dengan titik didih yang mirip. Hal tersebut dilakukan karena titik didih hidrokarbon meningkat seiring dengan bertambahnya atom karbon (C) dalam molekulnya.
   Mula mula minyak metah dipanaskan pada suhu sekitar 400C. Setelah dipanaskan kemudian di alirkan ke menara fraksionasi/destilasi
   Menara destilasi
   
   Dimenara inilah terjadi proses destilasi. Yaitu proses pemisahan larutan dengan menggunakan panas sebagai pemisah. Syarat utama agar terjadinya proses destilasi adalah adanya perbedaan komposisi antara fase cair dan fase uap. Dengan demikian apabila komposisi fase cair dan face uap sama maka proses destilasi tidak mungkin dilakukan. Proses destilasi pada kilang minyak bumi merupakan pengolahan secara fisika yang primer sebagai awal dari semua proses memproduksi BBM (Bahan Bakar Minyak).
   
   
   
   
   Skema penyulingan minyak
   
   
   Minyak mentah hasil dari pengeboran di alirkan ke kapal tangker untuk kemudian di distribusikan ke kilang minyak. Disinilah terjadi proses destilasi yang sudah di jalaskan di atas. Pertama, miyak mentah dipanaskan dengan suhu sekitar 400 derajat C. Komponen yang titik didihnya lebih tinggi akan tetap berupa cairan dan akan mengalir turun ke bawah, sedangkan yang titik didihnya lebih randah akan menguap naik ke atas melalui sungkup-sungkup yang disebut sungkup gelembung. Semakin keatas suhu di dalam menara fraksionasi itu semakin rendah. Dengan demikian, setiap kali komponen dengan titik didih lebih tinggi naik, akan mengembun dan terpisah, sedangkan komponen dengan titik didih lebih rendah akan terus naik ke bagian yang lebih atas lagi. Begitulah seterusnya, sehingga komponen yang paling atas itu berupa gas. Komponen yang berupa gas itu disebut gas petrolium. Kemudia gas petrolium tersebut dicairkan dan dikelan sebagai LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas).
   Hasil olahan minyak bumi
   
   
   Dari skema di halaman sebelumnya kita dapat melihat hasil-hasil dari proses destilasi minyak mentah. Diatnaranya yaitu :
   ·  LPG
   Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) PERTAMINA dengan brand ELPIJI, merupakan gas hasil produksi dari kilang minyak (Kilang BBM) dan Kilang gas, yang komponen utamanya adalah gas propana (C3H8) dan butana (C4H10) lebih kurang 99 % dan selebihnya adalah gas pentana (C5H12) yang dicairkan
   
   
   ·  Bahan bakar penerbangan
   Bahan bakar penerbangan salah satunya avtur yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar persawat terbang.
   
   
   ·  Bensin
   Bensin merupakan bahan bakar transportasi yang masih memegang peranan penting sampai saat ini. Bensin mengandung lebih dari 500 jenis hidrokarbon yang memiliki rantai C5-C10. Kadarnya bervariasi tergantung komposisi minyak mentah dan kualitas yang diinginkan.
   
   
   ·  Minyak tanah ( kerosin )
   Bahan bakar hidrokarbon yang diperoleh sebagai hasil penyulingan minyak bumi dengan titik didih yang lebih tinggi daripada bensin; minyak tanah; minyak patra.
   
   
   ·  Solar
   Diesel, di Indonesia lebih dikenal dengan nama solar, adalah suatu produk akhir yang digunakan sebagai bahan bakar dalam mesin diesel yang diciptakan oleh Rudolf Diesel, dan disempurnakan oleh Charles F. Kettering.
   
   
   ·  Pelumas
   Pelumas adalah zat kimia, yang umumnya cairan, yang diberikan diantara dua benda bergerak untuk mengurangi gaya gesek. Pelumas berfungsi sebagai lapisan pelindung yang memisahkan dua permukaan yang berhubungan
   
   
   ·  Lilin
   Lilin adalah sumber penerangan yang terdiri dari sumbu yang diselimuti oleh bahan bakar padat. Bahan bakar yang digunakan adalah paraffin
   
   
   ·  Minyak bakar
   Minyak bakar adalah hasil distilasi dari penyulingan minyak tetapi belum membentuk residu akhir dari proses penyulingan itu sendiri. Biasanya warna dari minyak bakar ini adalah hitam chrom. Selain itu minyak bakar lebih pekat dibandingkan dengan minyak diesel
   
   
   ·  Aspal
   Aspal ialah bahan hidro karbon yang bersifat melekat (adhesive), berwarna hitam kecoklatan, tahan terhadap air, dan visoelastis. Aspal sering juga disebut bitumen merupakan bahan pengikat pada campuran beraspal yang
   
   
   
   Dampak negatif penggunaan minyak bumi
   
   
   Pencemaran udara
   
   Turunnya kualitas udara akibat zat sisa dari pemakaian minyak bumi
   
   
   Perubahan iklim
   Penggunaan minyak bumi akan menghasilkan zat sisa berupa CO2¬. Gas tersebut dapat menimbulkan efek rumah kaca di bumi sehingga terjadilah pemanasan global yang sekarang ini sedang terjadi. Pemanasan global tersebutlah yang memicu perubahan iklim di berbagai balahan dunia
   
   
   Pencemaran air
   Eksploitasi miyak bumi dengan menggunakan kapal tangker, tidak menutup kemungkinan adanya kebocoran pada kapal tangker tersebut. Karena kapal tangker itu bocor, maka minyak mentah yang ada di dalamnya akan keluar dan jatuh keair sehingga mengakibatkan pencemaran air.